AUSTRALIA STANDARDS AND REFERENCE MATERIALS

AUSTRALIA STANDARDS AND REFERENCE MATERIALS

-AS 1100.501 TECHNICAL DRAWING – STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING DRAWING
-AS 1012 METHODS OD TESTING CONCRETE
-AS 1397 STEEL SHEET AND STRIP
-AS 1554 STRUTURAL STEEL WELDING
-AS 3610 FORMWORK FOR CONCRETE
-AS/NZS QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
-CIA Z48-2002 CIA PRECAST CONCRETE HANDBOOK

Long-Span Structures

http://www.architectureweek.com/2003/0326/building_1-1.html
Long-Span Structures
this article detailed describled the development of Long-Span Structures. Firstly, The development of reinforced concrete in the late 19th century allowed the extension of the maximum span possible with the compressive form-active* type of structure. Reinforced concrete has a number of advantages over masonry, the principal one being its capability to resist tension as well as compression and its consequent ability to resist bending. The typical examples of concrete dume are the Florence Cathedral (1420-36) designed by Filippo Brunelleschi
Other masters of this type of structure in the twentieth century were Pier Luigi Nervi, Eduardo Torroja, and Félix Candela. the train shed at St. Pancras Station in London (1868) by William Barlow and R. M. Ordish (span 240 feet, or 73 meters) and the Galerie des Machines for the Paris Exhibition of 1889, by Contamin and Dutert (span 374 feet, or 114 meters). The notable recent examples are the International Rail Terminal at Waterloo Station, London, by Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners with YRM Anthony Hunt Associates, and the Kansai Airport building for Osaka, Japan by Renzo Piano with Arup.

by Angus J. MacDonald

Long span construction

http://www.polymorf.net/engineer55.htm

Structures like aircraft hangers, coliseums, or atriums, that require greater open areas between columnar supports than standard wood or steel structural members can span, are built with long span construction technology. Many designs have been used successfully depending on the area to be spanned, the anticipated roof loads, occupancy use, etc. This lesson will cover only bar joists, trusses, space frames, and folded shell structures.
Bar joists
Bar joists are simply long floor or ceiling truss joists. They usually span from girder to girder, which themselves are supported by widely spaced columns or bearing walls. Prefabricated bar joists are available that are designed for specific load requirements.

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the problems of using concrete in china

http://chinahousing.mit.edu/english/approach/systems/index.html

Building materials in China are various ranging from very raw material clay bricks to high embodied energy material aluminum. However, the building technique is still primitive comparing to the developed countries. Each year, large amount of energy was consumed by manufacturing building construction materials. According to Chinese Statistical Yearbook 2005 the total of 2.22 billion tons of coal equality energy was consumed. Large part of total energy was consumed in construction materials. The current selection and use of building materials are not energy efficiency.

Concrete is the commonest construction materials been used in China in the recent decade. Concrete are widely employed in footing systems and support structure, even in the roof systems. The main energy consumption of concrete products is manufacturing of cement and steel. China has become the biggest producer and consumer of cement and steel in the world. In 2006, China had a cement output of over 1.2 billion tons and steel 0.4 billion tons. Half of the steel are used in concrete product. (www.researchinchina.com/report/Material/1004.html). The manufacture of concrete can consume massive energy, but also the manufacture processes caused serious pollution to the environment. On the other hand, it is difficult to recycle. During to the limitation of build techniques, the effective use of concrete has not been well considered.

Precast concrete study

http://www.precast.org/
National Precast Concrete Association (NPCA)
Precast concrete is an type of construction material made with concrete cast in a reusable mold cured in a controlled environment, then transported to the construction site and lifted into place. In contrast, standard concrete is poured-in-place in large forms and cured on site. Precast "stone" is distinguished from precast concrete by using a fine aggregate in the mixture so the final product approaches the appearance of naturally occurring rock or stone.
Ancient Roman builders made use of concrete and soon poured the material into molds to build their complex network of aqueducts, culverts and tunnels. Modern uses for precast technology include a variety of architectural applications including free-standing walls used for landscaping, soundproofing and security walls. Precast architectural panels are also used to clad all or part of a building facade. Stormwater drainage, water and sewage pipes and tunnels make use of precast concrete units. The advantages of using precast concrete is the increased quality of the material, when formed in controlled conditions, and the reduced cost of constructing large forms used with poured-in-place concrete.
There are many different types of precast concrete forming systems for architectural applications, differing in size, function and cost.

major project poster

Major project:Final Model